Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
The process starts by generating an unsigned transaction on an online device. The transaction is then moved via USB or other connection to an offline environment, where it is signed. The signed transaction is then moved back to the online environment, from which it is broadcast to the network. At no point does the private key contact a system connected to the network.bitcoin masters best bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes.
bitcoin cgminer
roll bitcoin bitcoin anonymous buy tether сигналы bitcoin casino bitcoin tether io
transaction bitcoin bitcoin start byzantium ethereum лотерея bitcoin
ethereum создатель bitcoin рулетка bitcoin cranes bitcoin обмен bitcoin wm flex bitcoin
фермы bitcoin
сигналы bitcoin bitcoin nvidia заработать ethereum теханализ bitcoin bitcoin trojan bitcoin get bitcoin drip
dog bitcoin xronos cryptocurrency bitcoin конец bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin криптовалюта обвал bitcoin zcash bitcoin
bitcoin spinner разработчик bitcoin bitcoin вклады bitcoin hype fasterclick bitcoin cryptocurrency trading bitcoin выиграть bitcoin poker ethereum addresses ropsten ethereum gambling bitcoin
bitcoin сбор криптокошельки ethereum 4000 bitcoin ethereum продам bitcoin security bcc bitcoin sell ethereum bitcoin foundation
4000 bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк tether mining ethereum go bitcoin кошелька bitcoin blocks bitcoin kong bitcoin особенности ethereum importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin сколько puzzle bitcoin ethereum бесплатно bitcoin hourly математика bitcoin новые bitcoin casino bitcoin bitcoin javascript играть bitcoin bitcoin конвертер 6000 bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum claim bitcoin monero краны bubble bitcoin jaxx bitcoin ethereum supernova alpha bitcoin trezor bitcoin обменять monero dark bitcoin форк bitcoin cryptocurrency trading ethereum сложность monero xeon
bitcoin luxury bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin приват24 ethereum обмен cold bitcoin bitcoin trezor bitcoin рубль bitcoin cny bitcoin 2017 nicehash bitcoin pos bitcoin брокеры bitcoin clicks bitcoin solo bitcoin заработок ethereum prune bitcoin bitcoin king bio bitcoin bitcoin кликер bitcoin source карты bitcoin bitcoin tools
reddit cryptocurrency виталик ethereum краны monero ethereum картинки
ethereum tokens эмиссия ethereum bitcoin trojan bitcoin вирус ethereum habrahabr invest bitcoin bitcoin проблемы киа bitcoin обменник bitcoin
chaindata ethereum polkadot ico bitcoin пополнение habrahabr bitcoin получение bitcoin bitcoin dump bitcoin frog ethereum course Imagine the blockchain as a digital database, just like an Excel spreadsheet.You absolutely need a strong appetite of personal curiosity for reading and constant learning, as there are ongoing technology changes and new techniques for optimizing coin mining results. The most successful coin miners spend hours every week studying the best ways to adjust and improve their coin mining performance. What Is Bitcoin?bitcoin server
zebra bitcoin порт bitcoin хешрейт ethereum bitcoin обналичить знак bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin bit киа bitcoin day bitcoin кошелек bitcoin ethereum swarm cold bitcoin bitcoin валюта explorer ethereum monero node бумажник bitcoin tcc bitcoin transactions bitcoin ethereum exchange server bitcoin blender bitcoin monero minergate msigna bitcoin bitcoin 0 Bitcoin bites the bullet by letting its exchange rate float freely, opting for a system design with no entity tasked with managing a peg and with sovereign monetary policy. Volatility and future exchange rate uncertainty is the price that users pay for its desirable qualities — scarcity and permissionless transacting. The bullet bitcoin bites is an unstable exchange rate, but in return it frees itself from any third party and wins an independent monetary policy. A decent trade.bitcoin script эфир bitcoin доходность ethereum ethereum прогнозы monero faucet tinkoff bitcoin scrypt bitcoin
ico cryptocurrency 10000 bitcoin
bitcoin valet bitcoin school
яндекс bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator autobot bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin ethereum solidity bitcoin tube bitcoin farm
bitcoin торговля bitcointalk bitcoin bitcoin trader автокран bitcoin робот bitcoin etoro bitcoin bitcoin instaforex bitcoin project clicker bitcoin bitcoin tradingview блокчейн ethereum bitcoin casascius shot bitcoin tabtrader bitcoin
bitcoin mail addnode bitcoin bitcoin сети monero coin block bitcoin bitcoin double bitcoin биткоин ethereum install bitcoin escrow ethereum go bitcoin favicon bitcoin cranes cudaminer bitcoin обменять ethereum
криптовалюту monero ethereum farm kran bitcoin electrum ethereum etherium bitcoin rush bitcoin bitcoin инструкция ethereum vk чат bitcoin java bitcoin bitcoin adress
bitcoin monero bitcoin котировки monero продать кошелек tether ethereum com mindgate bitcoin bitcoin etherium bitcoin путин bitcoin weekend биржа bitcoin bitcoin yandex криптовалют ethereum
ethereum отзывы ethereum перевод flypool ethereum теханализ bitcoin bitcoin analysis amazon bitcoin bitcoin steam bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin work bitcoin armory bitcoin лопнет bitcoin bat
bitcoin half monero blockchain торговать bitcoin dat bitcoin кран monero форум bitcoin bitcoin home bitcoin take скачать bitcoin bitcoin betting bitcoin виджет bitcoin conf reddit ethereum nonce bitcoin bitcoin fan bitcoin hyip market bitcoin
fpga ethereum bitcoin birds ethereum перспективы monero алгоритм калькулятор monero bitcoin information trade cryptocurrency captcha bitcoin bitcoin qazanmaq Purchase cost: Freenicehash bitcoin bitcoin scan ethereum проблемы
sgminer monero bitcoin завести bitcoin 100 ethereum miners bitcoin farm bitcoin сша bitcoin trader
bitcoin nvidia mt4 bitcoin
love bitcoin bitcoin puzzle bitcoin forum ethereum web3 pro bitcoin casino bitcoin краны ethereum datadir bitcoin zebra bitcoin bitcoin capitalization падение ethereum frog bitcoin bitcoin xyz bitcoin zone адрес bitcoin bitcoin instaforex
bitcoin развитие проблемы bitcoin tether отзывы bitcoin doge
Create Accountcollector bitcoin bitcoin wordpress 100 bitcoin bitcoin hash приложение tether bitcoin otc андроид bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten iota cryptocurrency monero cryptonote подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin game bitcoin banking bitcoin fund криптовалют ethereum bitcoin purchase обвал bitcoin
новый bitcoin калькулятор monero stock bitcoin bitcoin de crococoin bitcoin claymore monero mine ethereum торрент bitcoin кошель bitcoin doubler bitcoin bitcoin koshelek bitcoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin blue bitcoin laundering кошелька ethereum программа ethereum bitcoin weekend bitcoin генератор bitcoin pizza bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin конец monero poloniex отзыв bitcoin bitcoin transactions смесители bitcoin
koshelek bitcoin rus bitcoin tether приложения eobot bitcoin bitcoin mmm
alien bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin prominer бесплатный bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin
c bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin golden tether bootstrap яндекс bitcoin bitcoin чат
1 ethereum monero кран arbitrage bitcoin пополнить bitcoin token ethereum bag bitcoin bitcoin legal bitcoin игры cran bitcoin программа bitcoin bitcoin trader график ethereum bitcoin прогноз avalon bitcoin
заработок ethereum рулетка bitcoin bitcoin vizit bitcoin miner кран ethereum bitcoin конвертер bitcoin сколько bitcoin лайткоин 999 bitcoin bitcoin average Ethereumflypool monero bitcoin футболка bitcoin wm bitcoin 99 bitcoin stellar bitcoin кэш tether coin
bitcoin мастернода
и bitcoin форки bitcoin обмен monero solidity ethereum bitcoin fasttech ethereum бутерин cryptocurrency prices bitcoin сеть red bitcoin bitcoin майнить надежность bitcoin bitcoin motherboard криптовалюты ethereum bitcoin комиссия проекты bitcoin bitcoin casinos bitcoin alert bitcoin land технология bitcoin обменники bitcoin стоимость ethereum wallet tether wiki ethereum понятие bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные x2 bitcoin список bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage win bitcoin bitcoin терминал bitcoin demo bitcoin сети анонимность bitcoin monero free bitcoin apple tether tools bitcoin conf ethereum хардфорк ethereum client bitcoin abc doge bitcoin bitcoin оборот The data is accessible in a secure and shared environment, instead of being locked to one company or person at a time (at the risk of losing the data). For example, if the data was stored on one computer and that computer was hacked or shut down, the newest version of the data would be lost.anomayzer bitcoin faucet bitcoin bitcoin super ethereum bonus bitcoin trust
крах bitcoin криптовалюту monero настройка monero
продаю bitcoin казино ethereum click bitcoin bitcoin перспективы bitcoin информация продаю bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin калькулятор почему bitcoin bitcoin магазины bitcoin халява разработчик bitcoin Getting your ICO verified with a professional audit will help promote your cryptocurrency project. It promotes the fact that your project is following industry standards and data protection policies — adds extra value to your project. It’s a crucial step!With conventional contracts, a document outlines the terms of a relationship between two parties, which is enforceable by law. If one Party A violates the terms, Party B can take Party A to court for not complying with the agreement. A smart contract fortifies such agreements in code so the rules are automatically enforced without courts (or any third party) getting involved.bitcoin xl claim bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin yen monero купить bitcoin cny сборщик bitcoin 999 bitcoin get bitcoin
bitcoin xapo bitcoin coingecko bitcoin книги bitcoin converter bitcoin cz tokens ethereum
mikrotik bitcoin dorks bitcoin claim bitcoin bitcoin майнить monero pro кости bitcoin second bitcoin ethereum хардфорк bitcoin goldman doge bitcoin
